Nā Mīkini Kahe Kaha Hāmama no nā Wai Turbid/High-Sediment: Kūpono no ka Mining a me ka Mahiʻai

Ma ke kikowaena o ke kūpono o nā mika kahe kahawai hāmama no nā kūlana wai ʻino, ʻo ia ko lākou kumumanaʻo ana ʻaʻole komo hewa a i ʻole ka pilina haʻahaʻa. ʻAʻole like me nā mika paipu pani e hilinaʻi nei i nā mea ʻike kūloko (maʻalahi ke haumia e ka hōʻiliʻili sediment) a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻāpana mechanical (hiki ke komo mai nā ʻāpana abrasive), ana nā mika kahawai hāmama i ke kahe i loko o nā conduits wehe ʻole ʻia (e like me nā ʻauwai, nā flumes, a i ʻole nā ​​​​weirs) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ʻike waho a i ʻole i hōʻike iki ʻia. ʻO nā ʻenehana maʻamau e pili ana i ka ultrasonic (ke ana ʻana i ka pae wai ma o nā nalu kani), radar (me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā nalu lekiō e ʻike i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻili), a me ka laser (no ka hahai ʻana i ka pae pololei) - nā mea āpau e pale aku i ka pili pololei me nā ʻāpana wai i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka sediment. Hoʻopau kēia hoʻolālā i nā pilikia clogging a hōʻemi i ka abrasion, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka pololei mau ʻoiai inā loaʻa i nā wai nā kiʻekiʻe o ke one, silt, a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​ʻōpala mineral. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana nā mika kahawai hāmama ultrasonic i nā transducers i kau ʻia ma luna o ka ʻili wai, e hoʻopuka ana i nā nalu e lele ana mai ka wai e helu i ka pae (a pēlā ka helu kahe ma o nā ana kahawai i hoʻonohonoho mua ʻia) - ʻaʻohe ʻāpana i hoʻoluʻu ʻia i loko o ka wai turbid, ʻaʻohe pilikia o ka sensor fouling.

No ka ʻoihana mining, kahi i lilo ai nā wai turbid a kaumaha i ka sediment i mea hopena mau o nā hana (mai ka holoi ʻana i ka ore a hiki i ka hoʻokele tailings), hoʻoponopono nā mika kahe kahawai hāmama i nā pono hana koʻikoʻi a me ke kaiapuni. Loaʻa pinepine i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ʻeli nā pae kiʻekiʻe o nā mea paʻa i hoʻokuʻu ʻia (e like me nā mea hao hao a i ʻole ka lepo lanahu), hiki ke hoʻopau koke i nā mika paipu pani kuʻuna ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā mea ʻike a i ʻole ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā ʻāpana kūloko. ʻO nā mika kahawai hāmama, ma ke ʻano ʻē aʻe, ulu maikaʻi lākou i kēia kaiapuni: noho kaʻawale ko lākou mau mea ʻike waho mai ka hōʻiliʻili sediment, a ʻo ko lākou hiki ke lawelawe i nā kahe kahe loli (maʻamau i ka mining, kahi e piʻi ai ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai i ka wā o ka hana ʻana i ka ore) e hōʻoia i ka nānā pono ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe. He mea nui kēia pololei no ka mālama ʻana i nā lula: koi ka hapa nui o nā wahi i nā mines e hōʻike i ka nui o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe a me nā pae sediment e pale aku i ka haumia o ka muliwai a i ʻole ka wai honua. ʻO kahi hana mining gula ma Western Australia, no ka laʻana, ua hoʻololi i nā mika kahawai hāmama i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka radar e nānā i ke kahe ʻana o ka loko tailings. ʻAʻole wale nā ​​​​mika i kū i ka wai turbid kiʻekiʻe (nāna i hoʻopaʻa mua i nā mika mechanical i kēlā me kēia pule) akā ua hāʻawi pū i ka ʻikepili manawa maoli i kōkua i ka mine e hōʻemi i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka sediment ma 22% - e pale ana i nā uku pipiʻi a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana kaiapuni. Eia kekahi, ua maʻalahi ke kau ʻana i nā mika kahawai hāmama i loko o nā ʻauwai manawa pōkole a me nā kahawai i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka hana mining, e ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o lākou ma mua o nā ʻōnaehana paipu pani paʻa.

I ka nānā ʻana i ka wai kahe o ka mahiʻai, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā mika kahe o ke kahawai hāmama i ka hoʻokele wai hoʻomau a me ka palekana o ke kaiapuni. ʻO ka wai kahe o ka mahiʻai—ka wai e kahe ana mai nā mahina ʻai ma hope o ka hoʻoinu ʻana a i ʻole ka ua—lawe i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka sediment, nā mea hoʻouluulu, a me nā pesticides, e hoʻoweliweli ana i nā ala wai kokoke (e like me ka eutrophication a i ʻole ka ʻino lepo). Ke hakakā nei nā mika kuʻuna ma ʻaneʻi: hoʻopuni ka sediment i nā puka komo, a ʻo ke kahe loli (mai nā ua māmā a i nā ua nui) e alakaʻi i nā heluhelu pololei ʻole. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā mika kahawai hāmama e lawelawe i kēia mau fluctuations: hiki iā lākou ke ana i ke kahe haʻahaʻa (e laʻa, ka seepage ma hope o ka hoʻoinu ʻana) a me ke kahe kiʻekiʻe (e laʻa, ka wai kahe ʻino) me ka pololei like, a ʻo kā lākou mau mea ʻike ʻole e pale aku i ka haumia mai nā ʻāpana lepo. No kahi mahiʻai kulina nui ma Iowa, ʻo ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mika kahawai hāmama ultrasonic i nā ʻauwai wai kula i hiki i nā mahiʻai ke hahai i ka nui o ka wai kahe a ʻike i nā wahi me ka ʻino lepo nui. Ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā papa hana irrigation a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea kanu uhi i nā wahi wai kahe nui, ua hoʻemi ka mahiʻai i ka nalowale o ka sediment ma 30% a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ka hoʻohana wai—e hōʻemi ana i nā kumukūʻai irrigation ma 15%. No nā hana mahiʻai e pili ana i nā lula kaiapuni (e like me ke US Clean Water Act), hāʻawi pū nā mika i ka ʻikepili hiki ke hōʻoia i ka mālama ʻana i nā palena kahe.

ʻO kekahi pono nui o nā mika kahe kahawai hāmama no nā ʻoihana ʻelua, ʻo ia ko lākou mau koi mālama haʻahaʻa. I ka hana mining, kahi e loaʻa pinepine ai nā lako ma nā wahi mamao a paʻakikī ke komo, he pipiʻi a he manawa ka lawelawe pinepine ʻana i ka mika. ʻO nā mika kahawai hāmama, me ka ʻole o nā ʻāpana e neʻe ana i lalo o ka wai, pono wale nō ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā mea ʻike waho (hana maʻalahi ʻia me ka palaki) a me ka hoʻoponopono makahiki—e hōʻemi ana i nā kumukūʻai mālama a hiki i ka 50% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mika kuʻuna. I ka mahiʻai, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai nā mika i nā mea, ʻo nā hoʻolālā paʻa (e like me nā pā pale i ka wā a me nā mea pale i ka pala) e hōʻoia i ka hana hilinaʻi i ka ua, ka wela, a i ʻole ke anu. Hoʻokomo pū kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona akamai, e like me ka hoʻouna ʻikepili mamao ma o IoT, e ʻae ana i nā mea hana mining a i ʻole nā ​​​​mahiʻai e nānā i nā kahe kahe mai kahi kikowaena—e mālama ana i ka manawa a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻike hana.

ʻOiai paha he ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai mua o nā mika kahe kahawai hāmama ma mua o nā mika mīkini maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka nui o ko lākou mau pono lōʻihi no ka hana mining a me ka nānā ʻana i ka wai kahe mahiʻai ma mua o kēia hoʻopukapuka kālā. No nā mines, ʻo ka hoʻemi ʻana i nā kumukūʻai mālama, ka mālama ʻana i nā lula, a me ka palekana o ke kaiapuni e unuhi ʻia i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka hoʻopukapuka kālā i loko o 2-3 mau makahiki. No nā mahiʻai, ʻo ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pono o ka wai, ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka nalowale o ka sediment, a me nā kumukūʻai irrigation haʻahaʻa e hāʻawi i nā loaʻa kālā like - me ka pōmaikaʻi hou o ka hoʻokele ʻāina hoʻomau.

I ka wā e kū nei ka hana mining a me ka mahiʻai i ke kaomi e ulu nei e hōʻemi i ka hopena o ke kaiapuni a hana pono, ua lilo nā mika kahe kahawai hāmama no nā wai turbid/kiʻekiʻe-sediment i mau mea hana pono ʻole. ʻO ko lākou hiki ke hoʻohui i ka lōʻihi, ka pololei, a me ka mālama haʻahaʻa e kūpono loa ai lākou i nā pilikia kūikawā o kēia mau ʻoihana. Inā paha e nānā ana i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe mining e pale i nā ala wai a i ʻole ke alualu ʻana i ka wai mahiʻai e mālama i ka lepo a me ka wai, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mika kahe kahawai hāmama ma mua o kahi hopena ana—he mea hoʻokele nui lākou no nā hana hoʻomau. No kekahi ʻoihana e hana ana me nā wai turbid a waiwai paha i ka sediment, hōʻike kēia mau mika ʻaʻole pono nā kūlana paʻakikī e hōʻemi i ka hana.