E hōʻoia i nā ʻāpana paipu pololei o ≥10D ma uka a me ≥5D ma lalo (D = ke anawaena paipu) e pale aku i ke komo ʻana o ka pamu/valve. E koho i ke ʻano V (nā paipu liʻiliʻi) a i ʻole ke ʻano Z (nā paipu nui a i ʻole nā wai viscosity kiʻekiʻe) ma muli o ka nui o ka paipu a me nā kūlana wai.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻOkakopa-10-2025