No nā mika kahe electromagnetic, he aha nā kūlana hana e kūpono no ka uhi ʻana i ka laholio, ka uhi PTFE a me ka uhi PFA?

1. Laho (Maoli/Neoprene/CR)
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi no: Kumu maʻamau, ka pala haʻahaʻa a i ka pae waena, nā mea wai, a me ka slurry me ka ʻānai iki.
Mahana: ʻO ka maʻamau -10 °C a i +80 °C (nā piʻi pōkole a i 90 °C).
ʻAi ʻino: Kūʻē i ka wai maʻemaʻe, ka wai hoʻoneoneo, ka wai kai, ka wai hoʻoneoneo, nā waikawa/kumu nāwaliwali (pH 4–10), a me nā aila.
ʻAbrasion: Kaulike; kūpono no ka slurry palupalu, pulp pepa, nā ʻōpala o ka mine (nā mea paʻa haʻahaʻa).
Kaomi: A hiki i ka PN16–PN25 (1.6–2.5 MPa).
Nā Palena: ʻAʻole no nā waikawa ikaika, nā kumu ikaika, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe, a i ʻole ke ana wela kiʻekiʻe; pehu i loko o nā hydrocarbons.
Nā ʻOihana: Wai/wai ʻino, kūlanakauhale, HVAC, kaʻina hana maʻamau, hana mining (low-abrasion).
2. PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene, Teflon®)
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi no: Nā mea ʻino ikaika, nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, a me nā wai ʻaʻole e ʻānai.
Mahana: -40 °C a i +130 °C (maʻamau); -200 °C a i +200 °C (kiʻekiʻe, manawa palena).
Ka ʻino: Maikaʻi loa—kūʻē i nā waikawa i hoʻonui ʻia (HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃), nā kumu ikaika (NaOH, KOH), nā mea hoʻoheheʻe oxidizers (NaClO, H₂O₂), a me ka hapa nui o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik.
ʻAbrasion: Maikaʻi ʻole—e pale i nā mea paʻa kiʻekiʻe, ke one, a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻāpana paʻakikī.
Kaomi: A hiki i ka PN25 (2.5 MPa); ʻaʻole no ke kaomi hakahaka/maikaʻi ʻole (pilikia o ka hiolo ʻana).
Nā Palena: Palupalu, kūpaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka ʻānai ʻana, hoʻomanawanui ʻole i ka hakahaka; hoʻouka ʻia e nā metala alkali i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ke kinoea fluorine, ClF₃.
Nā ʻoihana: Hana kemika, petrochemical, lāʻau lapaʻau, plating, wai hoʻoneoneo (ʻino loa).
3. PFA (Perfluoroalkoxy, "PTFE i hoʻololi ʻia")
ʻOi loa no: Nā noi maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe, mahana kiʻekiʻe, a me nā noi ʻino loa (hoʻonui ʻia ma luna o PTFE).
Mahana: ‐40 °C a i +180 °C (hoʻomau); nā piko pōkole a i 200 °C.
ʻAi ʻino: Ua like me PTFE—kūʻē i nā mea pāpaho a pau e kūpono me PTFE; ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka ion metala haʻahaʻa loa (<1 ppb).
ʻAbrasion: ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka PTFE (kaulike nō naʻe); kūpono no nā mea paʻa haʻahaʻa a kaulike.
Kaomi: A hiki i ka PN40 (4.0 MPa); kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka vacuum/maikaʻi ʻole o ke kaomi.
Mīkini: Hiki ke loli, paʻakikī, kūpaʻa i ke kolo; hiki ke hoʻopaʻa wela ʻia i ka paipu (ʻaʻohe delamination); loaʻa ke koho moakaka/translucent.
Hoʻokō: FDA, 3‑A, EHEDG, ASME BPE (nā kūlana hygienic/high-purity).
Nā Palena: ʻOi aku ke kumukūʻai (3–5 × PTFE); nā ʻokoʻa kemika like me ka PTFE.
Nā ʻOihana: Semiconductor (wai/kemika maʻemaʻe loa), biotech/pharmaceutical (sterile/CIP/SIP), meaʻai/mea inu (hoʻomaʻemaʻe wela kiʻekiʻe), lā, a me nā kaʻina hana kemika holomua.